The EIA Process makes sure that environmental issues are raised when a project or plan is first discussed and that all concerns are addressed as a project gains momentum through to implementation .Recommendations made by the EIA may necessitate the redesign of same project components, require further studies, suggest changes which alter the economic viability of the project or cause a delay in project implementation. To be of the most benefit it is essential that environmental assessment is carried out to determine significant impacts early in the project cycle so that recommendation can be built into the design and cost benefit analysis without causing major delays or increased design costs. To be effective once implementation has commenced, the EIA should lead to a mechanism whereby adequate monitoring is undertaken to realise environmental management. An important output from the EIA process should be the delineator of enabling mechanisms for such effective management.
Other tools that have been used in planning development include participatory Rural Appraisal, Cost benefit analysis and Ecosystems approach. Environmental impacts Assessment are tools that contribute to sustainable development.
The Integration of EIA into project planning cycle of projects features prominently in the development policy agenda of most countries such as Zimbabwe. The EIA project cycle consists of managed processes which are intended to provide information to decision makers at every stage of project planning cycle.
The way in which the EIA is carried out is not rigid. It is a process comprising a series of steps. These steps are outlined below and the techniques more commonly used in EIA are described in some detail in the section techniques. The main processes in the EIA process are screening, scoping, prediction and mitigation, management and monitoring and auditing.
Screening often results in a categorization of the project and from this a decision is made on whether or not a full EIA is to be carried out. The project proponent should make available detailed information concerning inputs and outputs in the project. In particular and where possible the prospectus should include information such as quantity of chemicals and their effects, date on health and ecological effects.
Scoping is the process of determining which are the most critical issues to study and will involve community participation to some degree it is at this early stage that EIA can most strongly influence the outline proposal. The scope of works included a baseline environmental description, an assessment of compliance with legislation, an analysis of potential environmental management plan and monitor programme.
Detailed prediction and mitigation studies follow scoping and are carried out in parallel with feasibility studies.
The main output report is called an Environmental Impact Statement, and contains a detailed plan for managing and monitoring environmental impacts both during and after implementation.
Finally an audit of the Environmental Impacts Assessment Process is carried out sometime after implementation. The audit serves a useful feedback and learning function.
Theoretically, the process is supposed to ensure that before a planning permission is granted for a project to proceed the baseline environment prior to project development is established and also impacts of the projects are predicted.
The usefulness of the EIA Process as a development monitoring tool is that negative impacts that would harm the environment are identified and mitigated and also it provides for monitoring or follow up of developments to ensure compliance with development condition. It also assures accuracy of the predicted impacts.
The EIA process address unanticipated impacts and provides feedback to EIA so that lessons learned from completed projects can inform future projects. It is also a procedural mechanism which provides information that can be used to improve the quality of decision making.
The EIA Process guides planners and developers on issues of location, design and size and helps provide alternative solutions. It also provides opportunity for interested and affected people to participate in the planning and implementation of planned development activities.
It is a tool that treats environmental, social and economic considerations at the same level to ensure that viability of projects or sustainable development, although trade offs are sometimes made. It allows for registration of the projects and its details, generally a tool required for sustainable development, identify the environment sensitivity from baseline surveys, identify the least environmental damaging option. It also enables a consensus to be reached on acceptable levels to change, including those aspects of public concern.
The EIA process assist both project management and planners in development planning so as to achieve acceptable environmental impact during design, construction operation and closure and provide information for the relevant authorities and the public so as to facilitate planning and meeting statutory requirement. The EIA process also recommend monitoring requirement and environmental procedures.
ARTICLE WRITTEN BY
PRISCILLAH MUNANGATIRE
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